Sociedad Limitada with one shareholder-director: taxes and reporting

Translated from the Spanish original kb/sociedad-limitada.md on 13.10.2026. The Spanish file is the source of truth.

Effective date: 2026-10-08. Scope: service SL/SLU with a single shareholder-director who is tax resident in Spain; domestic and cross-border B2B transactions; INCN clearly < 1 000 000 €. The examples are illustrative.

Summary

• The IS (Impuesto sobre Sociedades, corporate income tax) is paid by the SL itself, not by the shareholder. The general rate is 25 %. For a «microenterprise» (INCN of the previous period < 1 M€), a transitional scale applies: 2025 — 21 % up to 50 000 € of base / 22 % on the rest; 2026 — 19 % / 21 %; 2027 and later — 17 % / 20 % (art. 29.1 + DT 44ª LIS, Ley 7/2024). For ERD with INCN of 1–10 M€: 24 % (2025), 23 % (2026), 22 % (2027), 21 % (2028), 20 % (2029+).
• Newly created entity (ENC): 15 % in the first period with a positive base and in the next one. It does not apply if the same activity was carried on in the previous year, as an individual, by the person who holds > 50 % of the new SL. In other words, the autónomo who «moves» the business into their own SL does not get the 15 %.
• Startup (empresa emergente, Ley 28/2022): 15 % for four periods, deferral of the IS without interest and no instalment payments. Only with ENISA certification. For a one-person service SL it is practically out of reach.
• Three modelos 202 (1–20 April, October and December). By default, each one = 18 % of the cuota (tax due) of the last modelo 200 filed (minus withholdings). If that cuota is ≤ 0 (also in the first year), the 202 is not filed. The art. 40.3 option (on the base of the current period) is exercised with the 036 in February.
• Modelo 200: always, also with losses or without activity: 1–25 July (the one for 2025, until 27.07.2026; domiciliación until 22.07.2026).
• Pay of the director «for the office»: fixed withholding of 35 %, or 19 % if the INCN of the last closed period is < 100 000 €; modelo 111 + 190 (clave E). The shareholder may personally provide professional services to the SL (sección 2ª IAE, e.g. 763 programmers) and be in the RETA. Under art. 27.1 LIRPF this is economic activity. In that case the shareholder issues an invoice to the SL with 15 % withholding (7 % in the first 3 years), not a payslip.
• Dividends: 19 % withholding, modelo 123 (quarterly) + 193 (January). For the recipient, they are taxed in the savings base at 19/21/23/27/30 %. Under the régimen Beckham, dividends from a Spanish SL are Spanish-source income. They are taxed on the same savings scale in modelo 151.
• Beckham + SL: access to the regime through the office of director is possible with any shareholding (the < 25 % limit applies only to an entidad patrimonial). Income obtained from one's own SL as a professional (art. 27.1) is economic activity. Therefore it is only admissible if access is through the «entrepreneur» route (93.1.b.3º). The autonomous community has no effect on either the IS or the régimen Beckham.
• Registro Mercantil: legalisation of books ≤ 4 months after the financial year end (30 April), preparation (formulación) of accounts ≤ 3 months (31 March), approval ≤ 6 months (30 June), filing (depósito) ≤ 1 month after approval (≈ 30 July) + beneficial ownership sheet (hoja de titularidad real). ICAC penalty for not filing: 1 200–60 000 €. Registry closure (cierre registral) after one year.
• RETA autónomo societario: minimum base 1 000 € (2025) → 1 424,40 € (2026, final after the regularisation); cuota ≈ 314 €/month (2025) → ≈ 449 €/month (2026). If the SL pays it, it is in-kind pay of the director (DGT V0067-19, V2121-25).
• Verifactu for IS taxpayers: legally from 01.01.2027 (RDL 15/2025). On 05.10.2026 Hacienda announced the postponement to October 2028. It has not yet been published in the BOE.
• Economics: with full distribution of the profit, the SL is more advantageous than the autónomo (ordinary IRPF) from about 90–100 k€ of turnover. At 60 k€ there is parity or a loss. Under the régimen Beckham (fixed 24 %), the autónomo is more advantageous than the SL in all scenarios, except reinvestment of the profit inside the SL.

Rules

1. Taxpayer and period. The SL is an IS taxpayer from the moment it acquires legal personality. The period is the financial year (ejercicio social, normally the calendar year) and ends on 31.12. The first period runs from the date of the deed of incorporation (escritura) to 31.12 (a company in formation that is registered later is taxed under the IS from the date of the escritura). Permanent validity. Ley 27/2014 (LIS) art. 7, 27: https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2014-12328
2. IS rates (periods starting in 2025/2026/2027): see the table in «Figures». Microenterprise = INCN of the previous period < 1 M€ and not being an entidad patrimonial (asset-holding entity). The 50 000 € threshold is reduced proportionally if the period lasts < 12 months. LIS art. 29.1, DT 44ª (wording of Ley 7/2024 DF 8ª): https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-26694 ; AEAT table: https://sede.agenciatributaria.gob.es/Sede/impuesto-sobre-sociedades/que-base-imponible-se-determina-sociedades/tipo-impositivo.html
3. ENC 15 % (art. 29.1 para. 2): first period with BI > 0 and the next one. Exceptions: entidad patrimonial; group under art. 42 CCom; activity previously carried on by a related person; activity carried on in the year before incorporation by an individual who then holds > 50 %. If the law provides a lower rate, that rate applies. TEAC criterion: the conditions are checked at the accrual (devengo) of each of the two periods.
4. Startup (empresa emergente, Ley 28/2022 art. 7–8): 15 % in the first period with BI > 0 and in the three following ones; deferral of 12 and 6 months without guarantees or interest; exemption from instalment payments in the 2 following periods. Only if the status is certified by ENISA and registered in the RM. https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-21739 ; AEAT: https://sede.agenciatributaria.gob.es/Sede/impuesto-sobre-sociedades/novedades-impuesto-sobre-sociedades/novedades-normativa________.html
5. Reserva de capitalización (capitalisation reserve, art. 25 LIS, from 01.01.2025): reduction of the BI by 20 % of the increase in equity (fondos propios, FP) (23 / 26,5 / 30 % if the average headcount grows ≥2 %, ≥5 %, >10 % and the increase is maintained for 3 years). Limit: 20 % of the previous positive BI (25 % if the INCN < 1 M€). The excess is carried forward to the 2 following periods. The increase in FP and the restricted reserve must be maintained for 3 years. The following are not part of the increase in FP: the profit for the year, shareholder contributions, the legal/statutory reserve and the reserva de nivelación. https://sede.agenciatributaria.gob.es/Sede/ayuda/manuales-videos-folletos/manuales-practicos/manual-sociedades-2025/principales-novedades-impuesto-sobre-sociedades-2025/reserva-capitalizacion.html
6. Reserva de nivelación (levelling reserve, art. 105 LIS): only ERD (including micro with the scale of art. 29.1 para. 1; not ENC at 15 %). Reduction of up to 10 % of the positive BI (≤ 1 M€), with a mandatory allocation to a restricted reserve. The amount is added back against the BIN of the following 5 years. The remaining balance is added back in the 5th year. It is also taken into account in the 40.3 instalment payments. https://sede.agenciatributaria.gob.es/Sede/ayuda/manuales-videos-folletos/manuales-practicos/manual-sociedades-2025/capitulo-10-regimenes-tributarios-especiales-ii/regimen-especial-empresas-reducida-dimension/incentivos-fiscales/reserva-nivelacion.html
7. BIN (tax losses carried forward, art. 26): offset of up to 70 % of the previous BI, but at least 1 M€ per year. For our SL, in practice, without limit. No time limit for the offset.
8. Non-deductible expenses (art. 15 LIS): remuneration of equity (dividends), the IS itself, fines/penalties/surcharges, donations and gifts (liberalidades) (except customer hospitality ≤ 1 % INCN and promotion), expenses contrary to the legal order, transactions with «tax havens». The pay of the director for senior management functions or under an employment contract is not a liberalidad according to the literal text of 15.e). TS (STS 13.03.2024 rec. 9078/2022; 30.04.2024 rec. 7481/2022; 13.06.2024 rec. 78/2023): the lack of a provision in the bylaws does not, by itself, make real and recorded pay non-deductible. Prudent practice: bylaws with «remunerated office» + decision of the sole shareholder on the amount (art. 217 LSC). https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2014-12328 ; summary of the TS case law: https://www.poderjudicial.es/stfls/TRIBUNAL%20SUPREMO/ACUERDOS%20y%20ESTUDIOS%20DOCTRINALES/FICHERO/20240722%20Cr%C3%B3nicaJurisprudencia%202023-2024%20Sala%203.pdf
9. Depreciation (art. 12, 102, 103 LIS): according to the table in art. 12.1 (information processing equipment 25 %/8 years, software 33 %/6, furniture 10 %/20, electronic equipment 20 %/10). ERD: accelerated depreciation with coefficient ×2. Low-value assets ≤ 300 €/unit: freely, up to 25 000 €/year. Free depreciation with a headcount increase (120 000 € × Δ headcount).
10. Related-party transactions (operaciones vinculadas, art. 18 LIS): the shareholder with ≥ 25 % and the director are related persons (except for the pay for the office itself). Valuation at market value. Safe harbour for the professional shareholder (18.6): ≥ 75 % of the SL's income is professional; ≥ 75 % of the result before that pay goes to the shareholders; each shareholder receives ≥ 1,5× the average salary of comparable employees or ≥ 5× IPREM. Modelo 232 (1–30 November): mandatory if the transactions of the same type and method with related parties exceed 50 % of the INCN. For a one-person SL that pays the shareholder as a professional, this is almost always met. https://sede.agenciatributaria.gob.es/Sede/ayuda/manuales-videos-folletos/manuales-practicos/manual-sociedades-2025/capitulo-08-operaciones-personas-entidades-vinculadas/obligaciones-informacion/informacion-sobre-operaciones-vinculadas-modelo-232/obligados-presentar-modelo-232.html
11. Instalment payments (pagos fraccionados, art. 40 LIS): method 40.2: 18 % of (cuota íntegra − deductions − bonuses − withholdings − payments on account) of the last 200 whose filing deadline had expired on 1 April/October/December. If the result is ≤ 0, it does not have to be filed (unless INCN > 6 M€). Method 40.3: option via the 036 in February (mandatory if INCN > 6 M€). The base is that of 3/9/11 months and the percentage = floor(5/7 × rate). https://sede.agenciatributaria.gob.es/Sede/todas-gestiones/impuestos-tasas/impuesto-sobre-sociedades/modelo-202-is-i_____resencia-territorio-fraccionado_/instrucciones/Instrucciones-para-2025.html
12. Modelo 200 (art. 124): 25 calendar days following the 6 months after the end of the period. If the financial year matches the calendar year: 1–25 July (moved to the next business day). It is always filed, also with losses, a zero result or inactivity. https://sede.agenciatributaria.gob.es/Sede/ayuda/manuales-videos-folletos/manuales-practicos/folleto-actividades-economicas/4-impuesto-sobre-sociedades/4_9-declaracion/4_9_1-plazo-presentacion.html
13. Director withholding (art. 101.2 LIRPF, art. 80.1.3º RIRPF): 35 %; 19 % if the INCN of the last period closed before the payment is < 100 000 € (with exactly 100 000 the 35 % already applies). Modelo 111 quarterly and 190 annual, clave E (E.01/E.02: treated as an employee; E.03: in the RETA and INCN < 100k; E.04: all others). https://sede.agenciatributaria.gob.es/static_files/Sede/Programas_ayuda/Retenciones/2026/CUADRO_TIPOS_RETENCION_IRPF_2026.pdf
14. Professional shareholder (art. 27.1 para. 3 LIRPF): it applies if the SL provides professional services of sección 2ª IAE, the shareholder performs those same services for it and is (or must be, STS 1250/2025) in the RETA. Then the shareholder's income from the SL is income from economic activities: invoice to the SL with 15 % withholding (7 % in the start year and the two following years, after written notice), 111/190 clave G; IVA 21 % by default (see «Open questions»). https://sede.agenciatributaria.gob.es/Sede/ayuda/manuales-videos-folletos/manuales-practicos/irpf-2025/c06-rendimientos-actividades-economicas-cuestiones-generales/concepto-rendimientos-actividades-economicas.html ; DGT V1500-15 (programmer, epígrafe 763): https://www.iberley.es/resoluciones/resolucion-vinculante-dgt-v1500-15-18-05-2015-1416571
15. RETA paid by the SL: it is in-kind pay of the director/shareholder (monetary pay, if the money was handed to them). It is part of the withholding base and is reported in the 190. The recipient deducts it as a Social Security contribution. DGT V0067-19, V2121-25: https://bm.consulting/es/consultas-vinculantes/V2121-25/
16. Dividends (art. 101.4 LIRPF, 25.1.a): 19 % withholding, modelo 123 (1–20 April/July/October/January), 193 (1–31 January; the one for 2025, until 02.02.2026). https://sede.agenciatributaria.gob.es/Sede/ayuda/manuales-videos-folletos/manuales-practicos/folleto-actividades-economicas/7-otras-obligaciones-fiscales-retenciones/7_4-retenciones-capital-mobiliario-modelos-193.html
17. Office rent paid to an individual or a legal entity: 19 % withholding, modelo 115 (quarterly) + 180 (January). It does not apply if the rent is ≤ 900 €/year per landlord, if the landlord is registered in IAE epígrafe 861 with a cuota > 0 (large landlords) or if it is leasing. Art. 75.3.g RIRPF.
18. Beckham and director (art. 93.1.b.2º LIRPF, wording of Ley 28/2022): appointment as director is a ground for relocation with any shareholding, except in an entidad patrimonial (in that case, shareholding < 25 %). Ground 93.1.b.3º (entrepreneurial activity) is the only one that allows income through a permanent establishment (EP)/economic activity. For the entrepreneur visa (Ley 14/2013 art. 70), the requirement of the «favourable report issued by the Empresa Nacional de Innovación, SME (ENISA)» is deemed met (art. 113 RIRPF). Dividends and salary from a Spanish SL are Spanish-source income → they are taxed in modelo 151. https://sede.agenciatributaria.gob.es/Sede/ayuda/manuales-videos-folletos/manuales-practicos/irpf-2025/c02-irpf-cuestiones-generales/sujecion-irpf-aspectos-personales/regimen-fiscal-especial-aplicable-trabajadores-desplazados/regimen-aplicable-trabajadores-desplazados/ambito-aplicacion.html
19. Registro Mercantil: books (art. 18 Ley 14/2013, Instrucción DGRN 12.02.2015): all mandatory books (Diario (journal), Inventarios y Cuentas Anuales (inventories and annual accounts), Actas (minutes), Registro de socios (shareholder register), Registro de contratos socio único–sociedad (register of contracts between the sole shareholder and the company)) are legalised online, in electronic format, no later than 4 months after the financial year end. https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2015-1481
20. Annual accounts (LSC art. 253, 164, 279, 282, 283): preparation ≤ 3 months, approval by the general meeting (junta) ≤ 6 months, filing ≤ 1 month after approval. PYME/abbreviated models if 2 of 3 thresholds are met (assets ≤ 4 M€, INCN ≤ 8 M€, ≤ 50 employees). Beneficial ownership sheet together with the filing (RD 609/2023). Changes of beneficial owner are notified to the RM within 10 days. Penalty of 1 200–60 000 €. Registry closure under art. 378 RRM after one year without filing. https://boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2010-10544 ; https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/07/11/609
21. SLU (LSC art. 12–17): the single-shareholder status is registered in the RM and stated on all documents («SLU»). Decisions of the sole shareholder are recorded in minutes. Contracts between the sole shareholder and the SL are made in writing, entered in the contracts register book and mentioned in the notes to the accounts (memoria). Otherwise, they cannot be enforced against the insolvency estate, and the shareholder is liable for 2 years for the benefits obtained from them.
22. Capital (Ley 18/2022, de creación y crecimiento de empresas): minimum 1 €. With capital < 3 000 €: 20 % of the profit goes to the legal reserve (RL) until capital + RL ≥ 3 000 €, and the shareholders are jointly and severally liable up to 3 000 € in liquidation. Otherwise, a legal reserve of 10 % of the profit up to 20 % of the capital (art. 274 LSC).
23. 036: alta/provisional NIF (casillas 110/111) before starting operations; final NIF (casilla 120) after registration in the RM. IAE epígrafe (casilla 402): the SL is listed in sección 1ª (e.g. 845 «Explotación electrónica por cuenta de terceros» or 843.9). IAE exemption for the first 2 periods and while the INCN < 1 M€. Withholding agent obligations (111/115/123) are activated only when they actually arise. ROI (349) if services are provided to EU customers. Option 40.3: casilla 621 (alta) in February. https://sede.agenciatributaria.gob.es/Sede/Ayuda/guia-practica-declaracion-censal.html
24. IVA/347/349: the same rules as for the autónomo (see the knowledge base page on IVA): 303 quarterly, 390 in January, 349 for EU transactions, 347 in February (counterparties > 3 005,06 € not included in 349/190/180). Difference: Spanish customers do not withhold IRPF on the SL's service invoices (withholding on professional services applies only to individuals).
25. Verifactu / e-invoice: RD 1007/2023 for IS taxpayers: adaptation by 01.01.2027 (RDL 15/2025). The Hacienda note of 05.10.2026 announces the postponement to October 2028 (not published in the BOE). B2B e-invoice (RD 238/2026, Orden HAC/1028/2026): INCN > 8 M€ from 06.10.2027, the rest from 06.10.2028. Only for transactions between Spanish businesses. https://sede.agenciatributaria.gob.es/Sede/iva/sistemas-informaticos-facturacion-verifactu/nota-informativa-ampliacion-plazo-adaptacion-facturacion.html ; https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-20587

Figures

IS rates by the start year of the period

2027–2029: according to the text of DT 44ª / art. 29.1 Ley 7/2024 (the AEAT table only shows 2024–2026).

Instalment payments (pagos fraccionados, modelo 202)

Reserves

Withholdings (2025 and 2026 unchanged)

IRPF of the recipient (savings base, from 2025 under Ley 7/2024, the same for residents and Beckham)

Beckham: employment income (director's salary) at 24 % up to 600 000 € and at 47 % above that.

RETA autónomo societario

Source: Seg. Social BNR 5/2026: https://www.seg-social.es/wps/wcm/connect/wss/61f4db39-8366-4d8f-863b-34332b1d527a/BNR%2B5_2026.pdf?MOD=AJPERES (details on the knowledge base page on the RETA).

Registro Mercantil / accounts (financial year = calendar year)

Other thresholds

Formulas for the engine

All amounts are handled in cents or in Decimal. The final casilla amounts are in euros with 2 decimals and half-up rounding (202 instructions: «If the last digit of the amount obtained as a result of applying the percentage to the base of the instalment payment is exactly half a cent, the rounding will be made to the higher figure»).

1. Period parameters

period = {start, end}                      # first period: start = date of the escritura
days = (end - start).days + 1
is_full_year = days >= 365
incn_prev = INCN of the previous period (0/None if there was no period)

2. Rate selection

def rate_schedule(year, incn_prev, enc_window, startup_certified, patrimonial, days):
    if startup_certified:           return [(INF, 0.15)]
    if enc_window and not patrimonial: return [(INF, 0.15)]
    if patrimonial:                 return [(INF, 0.25)]
    if incn_prev is None or incn_prev < 1_000_000:
        t1, t2 = {2025:(0.21,0.22), 2026:(0.19,0.21)}.get(year, (0.17,0.20))
        tramo = 50_000 * min(days,365)/365          # proration if the period < year
        return [(tramo, t1), (INF, t2)]
    if incn_prev < 10_000_000:
        return [(INF, {2025:0.24, 2026:0.23, 2027:0.22, 2028:0.21}.get(year, 0.20))]
    return [(INF, 0.25)]

# enc_window: True in the first period with BI>0 and in the following period,
# if entity.is_new_creation and not activity_previously_by_owner_gt50 and not grupo42.
# State: enc_periods_used ∈ {0,1,2}; it is incremented at the end of the period if the 15 % was applied.

For the «first period with BI > 0», the decision is taken after the BI (01330) is calculated. If the BI ≤ 0, the ENC window does not start.

3. Modelo 200: casilla chain

C00500 = P&L result (after IS)                          # from the accounting: balance of 129 after 630
C00501 = result before IS                               # C00500 + IS expense (630) 
ajustes_pos = Σ non-deductible (art.15): penalties, liberalidades, IS expense(630 → C00301/00302 in 200),
              excess of book depreciation over tax depreciation, non-deductible provisions...
ajustes_neg = Σ accelerated tax depreciation above book depreciation (ERD ×2, low value, free depreciation)...
C00550 = C00500 + ajustes_pos − ajustes_neg             # BI before RC and BIN

# Reserva de capitalización (only if C00550 > 0)
dFP = FP_fin − FP_inicio, where FP = capital + share premium + voluntary reserves (+ RC of previous years),
      excluding the profit for the year, shareholder contributions, legal/statutory reserve, reserva de nivelación
pct_rc = 0.20 (0.23/0.265/0.30 depending on Δ headcount)
rc_derecho = max(0, dFP) * pct_rc + rc_remanente_anterior(≤2 years)
lim_rc = C00550 * (0.25 if incn_prev < 1_000_000 else 0.20)
C01032 = min(rc_derecho, lim_rc, C00550)
rc_remanente_nuevo = rc_derecho − C01032

# BIN
lim_bin = max(0.70 * (C00550 − C01032), 1_000_000)
C00547 = min(BIN_pendientes, lim_bin, C00550 − C01032) if C00550 − C01032 > 0 else 0
C00552 = C00550 − C01032 − C00547                        # Base imponible (tax base)

# Reserva de nivelación (ERD, not ENC-15 %)
if C00552 > 0 and erd and not enc_window:
    C01034 = min(0.10 * C00552, 1_000_000 * min(days,365)/365)   # reduction (optional, by decision)
    C01033 = 0
elif C00552 < 0:
    C01033 = min(−C00552, niv_pendiente)                  # increase: reversal of previous reductions
    C01034 = 0
# + mandatory reversal of the balance that has reached 5 years → C01033
C01330 = C00552 + C01033 − C01034                         # BI after reserva de nivelación

# Cuota
C00558 = rate(s)                                          # for micro: both bands
C00562 = Σ_tramos max(0, min(C01330, lim) − prev) * t     # cuota íntegra (0 if C01330 ≤ 0)
C00582 = C00562 − bonuses − DDI (normally 0)
C00592 = C00582 − other deductions (normally 0)           # cuota líquida
C01785 = withholdings on movable capital income (bank interest)
C01787 = withholdings on rentals (if the SL rents out)
C01766 = Σ withholdings
C00599 = C00592 − C01766
C00601, C00603, C00605 = instalment payments 1/P, 2/P, 3/P
C00611 = C00599 − C00601 − C00603 − C00605                # cuota diferencial
C00621 = C00611 (+/− rectificativa)                       # result: >0 to pay, <0 to refund

Entries and reserves that the engine must propose after the approval of the result: allocation to the reserva de capitalización = C01032; allocation to the reserva de nivelación = C01034 (both restricted); page 20 bis: RC/RN tables by year of generation.

4. Modelo 202: method 40.2 (default)

def pago_202_402(mes, year):
    # last 200 whose deadline had expired on day 1 of the month:
    ref_year = year − 2 if mes == 4 else year − 1
    m200 = filed_200[ref_year]           # None → base = 0 → do not file
    if m200 is None: return NO_FILING
    if not m200.full_year:  # period < 365 days → add the cuotas of the previous periods up to 365 days
        base = Σ cuotas of the periods (proportion for the oldest one: remaining_days/duration × cuota)
    else:
        base = m200.C00562 − deductions − bonuses − m200.C01766   # clave [01] base del pago fraccionado
    importe = round_half_up(0.18 * base, 2)                              # clave [03] a ingresar
    return NO_FILING if importe <= 0 else importe

First year of the SL: filed_200 is empty → no 202. Second year: in April, empty (the 200 for year 1 has not yet been filed); in October and December, 18 % of the cuota of year 1.

5. Modelo 202: method 40.3 (optional; worthwhile if the current year is worse than the previous one)

def pago_202_403(mes, year, ledger):
    meses = {4:3, 10:9, 12:11}[mes]
    C04 = book result 1.1–end of meses (after IS)
    C05/C06 = correction for Impuesto sobre Sociedades; C07/C08 = other corrections to the book result
    C13 = C04 + C05 + C07 − C06 − C08                     # previous BI
    C44 = RC carried forward from previous years (the RC of the current year cannot be applied)
    C14 = min(BIN, 0.70*(C13−C44) …) if C13−C44 > 0
    C45/C46 = reserva de nivelación (increase/reduction), as in point 3
    C16 = max(0, C13 − C44 − C14 + C45 − C46)
    tramos = rate_schedule(...);  pct_i = floor(5/7 * t_i * 100)/100   # 21→15, 22→15, 19→13, 21→15, 15→10, 25→17
    cuota = Σ_tramos (part of C16 in tramo_i) * pct_i                 # is the 50k band prorated by months/12? — see Open questions
    importe = cuota − retenciones_ytd − pagos_202_ytd
    return NO_FILING if importe <= 0 else round_half_up(importe, 2)

Choice: in February (036 casilla 621), if the forecast BI_actual × rate × 5/7 is clearly < 18 % of the cuota of the previous year.

6. Director / shareholder withholdings

def retencion_admin(pago_bruto, incn_last_closed):
    pct = 0.19 if (incn_last_closed is not None and incn_last_closed < 100_000) else 0.35
    return round(pago_bruto * pct, 2)
# RETA paid by the SL: especie = cuota_RETA; base_retención += especie; payment on account (ingreso a cuenta) = especie*pct (if not passed on)
# 111: casilla 01 n.º perceptores, 02 importe de las percepciones (dinerarias), 03 importe de las retenciones; in kind → 04/05/06
# 190: clave E, subclave E.03 (RETA, INCN<100k) / E.04; gross monetary payment + in-kind payment reported separately

def retencion_profesional(base_sin_iva, inicio_actividad_year, year, comunicado_7):
    pct = 0.07 if comunicado_7 and year <= inicio_actividad_year + 2 else 0.15
    return round(base_sin_iva * pct, 2)         # 111 (section "Rendimientos de actividades económicas"), 190 clave G

The shareholder under the régimen Beckham may receive a salary from the SL. Then the withholding is 24 % (47 % > 600 000 €) under the IRNR rules. It is reported in the 111/190 (see Open questions).

7. Dividends

def dividendo(bruto):
    ret = round(bruto * 0.19, 2)             # 123: casilla 01 número de perceptores, 02 base de retenciones e ingresos a cuenta, 03 retenciones e ingresos a cuenta; 193 clave A
    neto = bruto − ret
# Resident recipient (modelo 100) or Beckham (modelo 151): cuota_ahorro(bruto) − ret
def cuota_ahorro(base):
    tramos = [(6000,.19),(50000,.21),(200000,.23),(300000,.27),(INF,.30)]

Limit on distribution (art. 273 LSC): dividend ≤ distributable profit after the legal reserve (10 % → up to 20 % of the capital; 20 % if capital < 3 000) and after the mandatory RC/RN. Net equity after the payment must be ≥ capital.

8. Accounting (PGC PYMEs, RD 1515/2007): minimum entries

# a) Sales invoice, B2B customer outside Spain (art. 69 LIVA: not subject; 349 if EU)
D 430 Clientes (total)            / H 705 Prestaciones de servicios (base)
#    customer in Spain:
D 430 (base+IVA)                  / H 705 (base), H 477 HP IVA repercutido (21 %)
#    collection (exchange difference if USD → 768/668):
D 572 Bancos                      / H 430

# b) Expense with a Spanish invoice
D 6xx expense (base), D 472 HP IVA soportado      / H 410 Acreedores (or 400)
#    service from an EU/non-EU supplier (inversión del sujeto pasivo):
D 6xx, D 472                                       / H 410, H 477
#    investment (laptop):
D 217 Equipos para procesos de información, D 472 / H 572
#    depreciation (monthly or annual):
D 681 Amortización inmovilizado material           / H 281 AA inmovilizado material

# c) Director's pay (accrual of the month)
D 640 Sueldos y salarios (gross)                   / H 4751 HP acreedora retenciones (35 %/19 %), H 465 Remuneraciones pendientes
D 465                                              / H 572            # payment of the net amount
#    RETA paid by the SL (in-kind pay):
D 640 (cuota RETA)                                 / H 572            # payment to the TGSS
D 640 (ingreso a cuenta) or D 465                  / H 4751           # payment on account (ingreso a cuenta), if not passed on
#    if the shareholder issues a professional invoice (art. 27.1):
D 623 Servicios de profesionales independientes (base), D 472 (IVA) / H 4751 (15 %/7 %), H 410
#    payment of the 111:
D 4751                                             / H 572

# d) Instalment payment (202) and IS provision
D 473 HP retenciones y pagos a cuenta              / H 572            # each 202
D 630 Impuesto sobre beneficios (C00592)           / H 4752 HP acreedora por IS
D 4752                                             / H 473            # offset of 202 and withholdings (473 ← also bank withholdings)
D 4752                                             / H 572            # July, payment of C00621 (>0); if <0: D 4709 HP deudora devolución / H 473
D 129 Resultado del ejercicio                      / H 630            # closing (regularización)

# e) Distribution of the result (after the decision of the sole shareholder, ≤ 30 June)
D 129                                              / H 112 Reserva legal, H 114x Reserva de capitalización/nivelación (restricted), H 113 Reservas voluntarias, H 526 Dividendo activo a pagar
D 526                                              / H 4751 (19 %), H 572

Books that the engine generates from these entries: Libro Diario (monthly summary entries are allowed), Libro de Inventarios y Cuentas Anuales (opening balance sheet, trial balances at least quarterly, inventory, accounts), Libro de actas (decisions of the sole shareholder), Libro registro de socios, Libro registro de contratos socio único.

9. Comparison autónomo vs SL (2026, approximate)

Assumptions: expenses of 6 000 €; RETA of the autónomo on the minimum base of their band (≈ 1 274,51 €/month with 60 k, ≈ 1 732,03 with 120 k; 2025 bases, rate 31,5 %); RETA societario 1 424,40 € × 31,5 % paid by the SL; general IRPF scale ≈ state × 2 (19/24/30/37/45/47), personal allowance 5 550; gastos de difícil justificación 5 % ≤ 2 000; employee: −2 000 € + reduction; IS micro 2026 (19/21) or ENC 15 %; all profit after IS is distributed as dividends; fixed costs of the SL (RM, books, filing) 600 €/year.

Practical rule: with ordinary IRPF, the SL is at approximate parity at 60 k€ and gains 4–6 k€/year at 120 k€ if all the profit is distributed. With reinvestment (the profit stays in the SL), the advantage grows by ≈ (savings rate × undistributed profit). Under the régimen Beckham, the SL loses 3–12 k€/year if the profit is distributed. It only makes sense as a «piggy bank» (deferred taxation), to limit liability or to meet contractual requirements of customers.

Deadlines and modelos

First year of the SL: 036 (provisional NIF) → escritura → RM → 036 (final NIF, 120) → alta in the RETA → 303/111/123 as they arise → 390/190/193/349-4T/347 in January–February → books by 30 April → accounts → 200 in July → filing. In the first year there is no 202 (except with the 40.3 option).

Edge cases

1. Moving from autónomo to SL with the same activity: the ENC 15 % is not available (29.1 para. 2: the activity was carried on by an individual who holds > 50 %). Engine: flag activity_previously_by_owner_gt50 = true → only the micro scale.
2. Programmer shareholder and art. 27.1: the SL may live off the shareholder's code while the shareholder is in the RETA. Then the shareholder's pay is a professional invoice (15 %/7 %, IVA), not a payslip. The office of director is paid separately (it can be a token amount), at 35 %/19 %. Mixing both in a single payslip is a classic error in a tax audit (comprobación).
3. Beckham holder and their own SL: the income as a professional through the SL is economic activity → it is only admissible with ground 93.1.b.3º (entrepreneur; the Ley 14/2013 visa covers the ENISA requirement). If access is through 93.1.b.1º/2º (employment/director), that income is incompatible with the regime → receive only the director's salary (24 %) + dividends (savings). Details on the knowledge base page on the régimen Beckham.
4. Beckham and autonomous community: the IS is a state tax. The savings scale is state-only. The régimen Beckham does not use the regional scale. Moving between autonomous communities only affects the director's salary under ordinary IRPF (regional scale according to the residence on 31.12 / > 183 days).
5. First period < 12 months: the 50 000 € threshold of the micro scale and the 1 M€ limit of the reserva de nivelación are prorated by days. The 202 base of the following year is calculated by adding periods up to 365 days.
6. INCN = 0 in the first year (no sales): for the rate of the following year, INCN_prev = 0 < 1 M€ → micro scale. Director withholding: 19 %, if the period is closed and the INCN < 100 k.
7. Foreign customers and withholding: neither foreign nor Spanish customers withhold IRPF from the SL (unlike the professional autónomo) → in modelo 200 the withholdings are only those on bank interest. All the IS is paid through 202/200.
8. Loss in year N, profit in N+1: in N+1 no 202 is filed (cuota N = 0). The BIN is offset in the 200 for N+1 without a practical limit (< 1 M€). If the reserva de nivelación was applied in N−1, in N its balance goes to C01033.
9. Undistributed profit: it creates ΔFP → reserva de capitalización in the following year (20 % of the increase, limit of 25 % of the BI with INCN < 1 M€). It requires a restricted reserve for 3 years. The engine must block its distribution until the term expires.
10. Payment of the RETA from the SL's account without formalising it as pay → risk of requalification as a liberalidad (non-deductible) and as undeclared income of the shareholder. The correct approach: in kind through 640/4751 and in the 190.
11. Office in the shareholder's home, rented by the SL: related-party transaction at market value, 19 % withholding (115/180); for the shareholder, income from real estate capital. IVA: residential rental by an individual is exempt, but premises used as an office are a subject transaction (risky; see the knowledge base page on IVA).
12. Foreign bank (Wise/Revolut) of the SL: the 720 is not needed if the account appears in the accounting with its identification. It is not mandatory to state it in the 036. Exchange differences: 768/668; they are taxed under the IS.
13. Capital of 1 €: 20 % of the profit goes to the legal reserve until capital + RL ≥ 3 000 €. In liquidation with debts, the shareholder is liable up to 3 000 €. With capital of 3 000 €: the usual 10 % up to 20 %.
14. Modelo 232: if the payments to the professional shareholder exceed 50 % of the INCN (transactions of the same type and method), it is mandatory in November even if the amounts are small. Penalty for not filing: that of informative returns (minimum 300 €, 20 € per data item).
15. Fixed 35 % in the first year: there is no INCN of the «last tax period ended before the payment of the income» → the < 100 k€ condition is not formally met → with caution: apply 35 % until the first closed financial year (see Open questions).
16. Startup: without an ENISA certificate registered in the RM, no benefit of Ley 28/2022 applies. The engine must require the certificate date and the registration note.
17. Leaving the régimen Beckham / end of the 6 years: dividends and salary from the SL move to ordinary IRPF (regional scale for the salary). For the SL nothing changes, except the withholding rate on the salary (24 % → 35 %/19 % or the general procedure).

Open questions

1. Director withholding in the first year of the SL: there is no closed period to check INCN < 100 k€. UNVERIFIED (no DGT ruling on this case was found). With caution: 35 % until the first closed financial year. In the end it can only be corrected in the recipient's IRPF (the excess is refunded).
2. IVA on the professional shareholder's invoice to their own SL: art. 27.1 only resolves the IRPF. The DGT makes the IVA depend on the «organisation on one's own account» (risk, dependence). With 100 % control, it is normally subject (21 %). For the SL that IVA is deductible, so an error in the «with IVA» direction is neutral. With caution: invoice with IVA.
3. Beckham recipient of salary/dividends: which withholding modelos — 111/190 and 123/193 (as for IRPF taxpayers) versus 216/296 (IRNR). The AEAT treats impatriates as IRPF taxpayers with IRNR rules. In practice: 111/190 with a 24 % rate. UNVERIFIED for dividends. With caution: 123/193, 19 %.
4. Proration of the 50 000 € band in the 202-40.3: the instructions describe the «list of bands corresponding to the percentages applicable to each of the parts of the base of the instalment payment». They do not clarify whether the 50 k is prorated by 3/9/11 months. With caution: apply the full band (as the AEAT form does with the entered rate) and recalculate in the 200. UNVERIFIED.
5. Start date of the first period (escritura vs registration): DGT doctrine: IS from the date of the escritura for companies in formation that are registered later. With caution: period.start = date of the escritura. Review the case if more than 3 months pass between the escritura and the registration.
6. Deductibility of the director's pay without a provision in the bylaws: the TS softened the criterion in 2023–2024, but the AEAT still checks art. 217 LSC. With caution: the engine requires the flag estatutos_cargo_retribuido + minutes of the sole shareholder with the amount. Otherwise, warning «risk of a positive adjustment».
7. Rates 2027–2029: taken from the text of DT 44ª Ley 7/2024. For now the AEAT publishes up to 2026. There may be changes in future PGE or reforms. They must be stored as a table by year.
8. Verifactu: legally, 01.01.2027 for the SL. The announcement of the postponement to 10.2028, dated 05.10.2026, is not in the BOE. The Cortes were dissolved on 06.10.2026 (elections on 29.11.2026). With caution: have the Verifactu mode ready for 01.01.2027, with a deactivation flag for when the rule is published.
9. RETA societario 2026: 1 424,40 € is the final minimum base after the regularisation. During 2026 the provisional 1 000 € was accepted. The amount of the difference will arrive with the 2027 regularisation. Details on the knowledge base page on the RETA.
10. IRPF scale in the autónomo vs SL comparison: it is an approximation (state × 2). The real scale of the Comunidad Valenciana/Asturias differs by ±1–2 p.p. The autónomo's 2026 RETA bases were taken from the 2025 table. The comparison figures are indicative, not a calculation for filing returns. Exact scales on the knowledge base page on the autónomo's IRPF.
11. Reserva de nivelación for micro with the two-band scale: the AEAT confirms that it applies (the scale is that of para. 1 of art. 29.1). For the ENC at 15 %, it does not apply. The ENC window may end in the middle of the «life» of the reserve. In that case the reversal continues under the ordinary rules. No clarifications on this combination were found. UNVERIFIED.
12. Beneficial ownership sheet: mandatory with the filing according to the models of Resolución DGSJFP 19.05.2026. For the SL a separate annual declaration in the RCTIR in January is not required (it is filed through the RM). If the RM rejects the filing without the sheet → registry closure.